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On 6 June 1822, a musket shot on Mackinac Island left Alexis St Martin with a permanent hole in his stomach. Army surgeon William Beaumont spent the next ten years using it to study digestion. St Martin got the wound; science got 51 conclusions.
On 30 March 1842, a country doctor in Jefferson, Georgia, soaked a towel in sulphuric ether and held it under a young man's nose. James Venable felt nothing. Crawford Long had just changed surgery forever.
On 12 February 1404, an Italian professor named Galeazzo di Santa Sofia opened a human body at a Vienna hospital, with wine poured and a fee charged at the door. It was the first anatomical dissection north of the Alps.